Results for 'L. Elman Jeffrey'

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  1. Finding Structure in Time.Jeffrey L. Elman - 1990 - Cognitive Science 14 (2):179-211.
    Time underlies many interesting human behaviors. Thus, the question of how to represent time in connectionist models is very important. One approach is to represent time implicitly by its effects on processing rather than explicitly (as in a spatial representation). The current report develops a proposal along these lines first described by Jordan (1986) which involves the use of recurrent links in order to provide networks with a dynamic memory. In this approach, hidden unit patterns are fed back to themselves: (...)
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  2. Learning and development in neural networks: the importance of starting small.Jeffrey L. Elman - 1993 - Cognition 48 (1):71-99.
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  3.  53
    Language as a dynamical system.Jeffrey L. Elman - 1995 - In Tim van Gelder & Robert Port (eds.), Mind as Motion: Explorations in the Dynamics of Cognition. MIT Press. pp. 195--223.
  4.  93
    On the Meaning of Words and Dinosaur Bones: Lexical Knowledge Without a Lexicon.Jeffrey L. Elman - 2009 - Cognitive Science 33 (4):547-582.
    Although for many years a sharp distinction has been made in language research between rules and words—with primary interest on rules—this distinction is now blurred in many theories. If anything, the focus of attention has shifted in recent years in favor of words. Results from many different areas of language research suggest that the lexicon is representationally rich, that it is the source of much productive behavior, and that lexically specific information plays a critical and early role in the interpretation (...)
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  5.  31
    A model of event knowledge.Jeffrey L. Elman & Ken McRae - 2019 - Psychological Review 126 (2):252-291.
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  6. JONATHAN St. BT EVANS (University of Plymouth) The mental model theory of conditional reasoning: critical appraisal and revision, l-20.Jeffrey L. Elman, Francesca Ge Happe, Richard D. Platt & Richard A. Griggs - 1993 - Cognition 48:30-5.
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  7.  12
    Questions for future research.Jeffrey L. Elman - 2005 - Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9 (3):111-117.
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  8.  26
    Learning and morphological change.Mary Hare & Jeffrey L. Elman - 1995 - Cognition 56 (1):61-98.
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  9.  19
    Why is that? Structural prediction and ambiguity resolution in a very large corpus of English sentences.Douglas Roland, Jeffrey L. Elman & Victor S. Ferreira - 2006 - Cognition 98 (3):245-272.
  10.  6
    Connectionism, Artificial Life, and Dynamical Systems.Jeffrey L. Elman - 2017 - In William Bechtel & George Graham (eds.), A Companion to Cognitive Science. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. pp. 488–505.
    Periodically in science there arrive on the scene what appear to be dramatically new theoretical frameworks (what the philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn has called paradigm shifts). Characteristic of such changes in perspective is the recasting of old problems in new terms. By altering the conceptual vocabulary we use to think about problems, we may discover solutions which were obscured by prior ways of thinking about things. Connectionism, artificial life, and dynamical systems are all approaches to cognition which are relatively (...)
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  11.  43
    The Wind Chilled the Spectators, but the Wine Just Chilled: Sense, Structure, and Sentence Comprehension.Mary Hare, Jeffrey L. Elman, Tracy Tabaczynski & Ken McRae - 2009 - Cognitive Science 33 (4):610-628.
    Anticipation plays a role in language comprehension. In this article, we explore the extent to which verb sense influences expectations about upcoming structure. We focus on change of state verbs like shatter, which have different senses that are expressed in either transitive or intransitive structures, depending on the sense that is used. In two experiments we influence the interpretation of verb sense by manipulating the thematic fit of the grammatical subject as cause or affected entity for the verb, and test (...)
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  12.  36
    Online expectations for verbal arguments conditional on event knowledge.Klinton Bicknell, Jeffrey L. Elman, Mary Hare, Ken McRae & Marta Kutas - 2008 - In B. C. Love, K. McRae & V. M. Sloutsky (eds.), Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Cognitive Science Society.
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  13.  16
    Innateness and Emergentism.Elizabeth Bates, Jeffrey L. Elman, Mark H. Johnson, Annette Karmiloff-Smith, Domenico Parisi & Kim Plunkett - 2017 - In William Bechtel & George Graham (eds.), A Companion to Cognitive Science. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. pp. 590–601.
    The nature–nurture controversy has been with us since it was first outlined by Plato and Aristotle. Nobody likes it anymore. All reasonable scholars today agree that genes and environment interact to determine complex cognitive outcomes. So why does the controversy persist? First, it persists because it has practical implications that cannot be postponed (i.e., what can we do to avoid bad outcomes and insure better ones?), a state of emergency that sometimes tempts scholars to stake out claims they cannot defend. (...)
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  14.  41
    Prediction‐Based Learning and Processing of Event Knowledge.Ken McRae, Kevin S. Brown & Jeffrey L. Elman - 2021 - Topics in Cognitive Science 13 (1):206-223.
    McRae, Brown and Elman argue against the view that events are structured as frequently‐occurring sequences of world stimuli. They underline the importance of temporal structure defining event types and advance a more complex temporal structure, which allows for some variance in the component elements.
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  15.  73
    Coherence and coreference revisited.Andrew Kehler, Laura Kertz, Hannah Rohde & Jeffrey L. Elman - 2008 - Journal of Semantics 25 (1):1-44.
    For more than three decades, research into the psycholinguistics of pronoun interpretation has argued that hearers use various interpretation ‘preferences’ or ‘strategies’ that are associated with specific linguistic properties of antecedent expressions. This focus is a departure from the type of approach outlined in Hobbs , who argues that the mechanisms supporting pronoun interpretation are driven predominantly by semantics, world knowledge and inference, with particular attention to how these are used to establish the coherence of a discourse. On the basis (...)
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  16.  21
    Large‐Scale Modeling of Wordform Learning and Representation.Daragh E. Sibley, Christopher T. Kello, David C. Plaut & Jeffrey L. Elman - 2008 - Cognitive Science 32 (4):741-754.
    The forms of words as they appear in text and speech are central to theories and models of lexical processing. Nonetheless, current methods for simulating their learning and representation fail to approach the scale and heterogeneity of real wordform lexicons. A connectionist architecture termed thesequence encoderis used to learn nearly 75,000 wordform representations through exposure to strings of stress‐marked phonemes or letters. First, the mechanisms and efficacy of the sequence encoder are demonstrated and shown to overcome problems with traditional slot‐based (...)
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  17.  46
    Large‐Scale Modeling of Wordform Learning and Representation.Daragh E. Sibley, Christopher T. Kello, David C. Plaut & Jeffrey L. Elman - 2008 - Cognitive Science 32 (4):741-754.
    The forms of words as they appear in text and speech are central to theories and models of lexical processing. Nonetheless, current methods for simulating their learning and representation fail to approach the scale and heterogeneity of real wordform lexicons. A connectionist architecture termed thesequence encoderis used to learn nearly 75,000 wordform representations through exposure to strings of stress‐marked phonemes or letters. First, the mechanisms and efficacy of the sequence encoder are demonstrated and shown to overcome problems with traditional slot‐based (...)
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  18.  29
    Sequence Encoders Enable Large‐Scale Lexical Modeling: Reply to Bowers and Davis (2009).Daragh E. Sibley, Christopher T. Kello, David C. Plaut & Jeffrey L. Elman - 2009 - Cognitive Science 33 (7):1187-1191.
    Sibley, Kello, Plaut, and Elman (2008) proposed the sequence encoder as a model that learns fixed‐width distributed representations of variable‐length sequences. In doing so, the sequence encoder overcomes problems that have restricted models of word reading and recognition to processing only monosyllabic words. Bowers and Davis (2009) recently claimed that the sequence encoder does not actually overcome the relevant problems, and hence it is not a useful component of large‐scale word‐reading models. In this reply, it is noted that the (...)
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  19.  8
    Toddlers’ Ability to Leverage Statistical Information to Support Word Learning.Erica M. Ellis, Arielle Borovsky, Jeffrey L. Elman & Julia L. Evans - 2021 - Frontiers in Psychology 12.
    PurposeThis study investigated whether the ability to utilize statistical regularities from fluent speech and map potential words to meaning at 18-months predicts vocabulary at 18- and again at 24-months.MethodEighteen-month-olds were exposed to an artificial language with statistical regularities within the speech stream, then participated in an object-label learning task. Learning was measured using a modified looking-while-listening eye-tracking design. Parents completed vocabulary questionnaires when their child was 18-and 24-months old.ResultsAbility to learn the object-label pairing for words after exposure to the artificial (...)
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  20. An alternative view of the mental lexicon.Jeffrey Elman L. - 2004 - Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8 (7):301-306.
    An essential aspect of knowing language is knowing the words of that language. This knowledge is usually thought to reside in the mental lexicon, a kind of dictionary that contains information regarding a word’s meaning, pronunciation, syntactic characteristics, and so on. In this article, a very different view is presented. In this view, words are understood as stimuli that operate directly on mental states. The phonological, syntactic and semantic properties of a word are revealed by the effects it has on (...)
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  21.  80
    How emotions inform judgment and regulate thought.Gerald L. Clore & Jeffrey R. Huntsinger - 2007 - Trends in Cognitive Sciences 11 (9):393-399.
  22. Separating conscious and unconscious influences of memory: Measuring recollection.Larry L. Jacoby, Jeffrey P. Toth & Andrew P. Yonelinas - 1993 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 122 (2):139-54.
  23.  69
    How the Object of Affect Guides its Impact.Gerald L. Clore & Jeffrey R. Huntsinger - 2009 - Emotion Review 1 (1):39-54.
    In this article, we examine how affect influences judgment and thought, but also how thought transforms affect. The general thesis is that the nature and impact of affective reactions depends largely on their objects. We view affect as a representation of value, and its consequences as dependent on its object or what it is about. Within a review of relevant literature and a discussion of the nature of emotion, we focus on the role of the object of affect in governing (...)
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  24.  15
    Memory for hierarchical menus: Effects of study mode.Kent L. Norman & Jeffrey P. Schwartz - 1987 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 25 (3):163-166.
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  25.  21
    Cognitive and social influences in training teams for complex skills.Wayne L. Shebilske, Jeffrey A. Jordan, Barry P. Goettl & Eric A. Day - 1999 - Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 5 (3):227.
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  26.  11
    Scientific Inference.L. E. Palmieri & Sir Harold Jeffreys - 1957 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 18 (2):269.
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  27.  27
    Case Studies: A Prisoner in Need of a Bone Marrow Transplant.Robert L. Cohen & Jeffrey Paul - 1987 - Hastings Center Report 17 (5):26.
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  28. Mousterian Lithic Technology: An Ecological Perspective.Stephen L. Kuhn & Jeffrey H. Schwartz - 1997 - History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 19 (3):423.
     
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  29.  16
    Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Aesthetics and the Arts.Pablo P. L. Tinio & Jeffrey K. Smith (eds.) - 2013 - New York: Cambridge University Press.
    The psychology of aesthetics and the arts is dedicated to the study of our experiences of the visual arts, music, literature, film, performances, architecture and design; our experiences of beauty and ugliness; our preferences and dislikes; and our everyday perceptions of things in our world. The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Aesthetics and the Arts is a foundational volume presenting an overview of the key concepts and theories of the discipline where readers can learn about the questions that are (...)
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  30.  21
    Resistance to extinction at spaced trials using the within-subject procedure.Roger L. Mellgren & Jeffrey A. Seybert - 1973 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 100 (1):151.
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  31. Jeffrey L. Elman et al., Rethinking Innateness: A connectionist perspective on development. [REVIEW]S. Kiss - 1998 - Journal of Consciousness Studies 5 (1):117-118.
     
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  32.  22
    Effects of Earnings Forecasts and Heightened Professional Skepticism on the Outcomes of Client–Auditor Negotiation.Helen L. Brown-Liburd, Jeffrey Cohen & Greg Trompeter - 2013 - Journal of Business Ethics 116 (2):311-325.
    Ethics has been identified as an important factor that potentially affects auditors’ professional skepticism. For example, prior research finds that auditors who are more concerned with professional ethics exhibit greater professional skepticism. Further, the literature suggests that professional skepticism may lead the auditor to more vigilantly resist the client’s position in financial reporting disputes. These reporting disputes are generally resolved through negotiations between the auditor and client to arrive at the final reported amounts. To date, the role that professional skepticism (...)
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  33.  5
    Black Museum and Righting Wrongs.Gregory L. Bock, Jeffrey L. Bock & Kora Smith - 2019 - In David Kyle Johnson (ed.), Black Mirror and Philosophy. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley. pp. 187–195.
    In Black Museum, a young woman is out to take revenge on the man who imprisoned her father's digital self in a museum exhibit that allows sadistic visitors to reenact his execution. While the exhibit is morally detestable and some may think that the museum's curator gets what he deserves in the end, the woman's act of vengeance is morally disturbing. This chapter explores Martha Nussbaum's account of anger and forgiveness and considers Christian and Buddhist teachings. An argument by David (...)
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  34.  29
    A Reply to Commentaries on “How the Object of Affect Guides its Impact”.Gerald L. Clore & Jeffrey R. Huntsinger - 2009 - Emotion Review 1 (1):58-59.
    Commentaries focused on the emotional appraisal part of our article. Cunningham and Van Bavel argued for distinguishing core disgust from moral disgust, and we describe how the theory might accommodate their proposal. They also suggested that temporal and other comparisons could account for emotional variety. We concur, but see such comparisons as inherent in the different emotional objects. Winkielman emphasized unconscious affect, but we suggest its power flows from the absence of situational constraints on its meaning. He characterized our appraisal (...)
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  35.  3
    Demarcating Research and Treatment Interventions: A Case Illustration.Jacquelyn L. Goldberg & Jeffrey O. Phillips - 1992 - IRB: Ethics & Human Research 14 (4):5.
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  36.  62
    Jeffrey L. Elman, Elizabeth A. Bates, mark H. Johnson, Annette karmiloff-Smith, Domenico Parisi, and Kim Plunkett, (eds.), Rethinking innateness: A connectionist perspective on development, neural network modeling and connectionism series and Kim Plunkett and Jeffrey L. Elman, exercises in rethinking innateness: A handbook for connectionist simulations. [REVIEW]Kenneth Aizawa - 1999 - Minds and Machines 9 (3):447-456.
  37.  10
    An Examination of the Deliberate Practice Framework in Quad Rugby.Rachel L. Kennedy & Jeffrey T. Fairbrother - 2019 - Frontiers in Psychology 10.
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  38.  11
    Auditory driving of the autonomic nervous system: Listening to theta-frequency binaural beats post-exercise increases parasympathetic activation and sympathetic withdrawal.Patrick A. McConnell, Brett Froeliger, Eric L. Garland, Jeffrey C. Ives & Gary A. Sforzo - 2014 - Frontiers in Psychology 5.
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  39.  61
    Familiarity differentially affects right hemisphere contributions to processing metaphors and literals.Vicky T. Lai, Wessel van Dam, Lisa L. Conant, Jeffrey R. Binder & Rutvik H. Desai - 2015 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 9.
  40.  50
    American college of epidemiology ethics guidelines: Foundations and dissemination.Robert E. McKeown, Douglas L. Weed, Jeffrey P. Kahn & Michael A. Stoto - 2003 - Science and Engineering Ethics 9 (2):207-214.
    Epidemiology is a core science of public health, focusing on research related to the distribution and determinants of both positive and adverse health states and events and on application of knowledge gained to improve public health. The American College of Epidemiology (ACE) is a professional organization devoted to the professional practice of epidemiology. As part of that commitment, and in response to concerns for more explicit attention to core values and duties of epidemiologists in light of emerging issues and increased (...)
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  41.  7
    Editorial: Environment, Art, and Museums: The Aesthetic Experience in Different Contexts.Stefano Mastandrea, Pablo P. L. Tinio & Jeffrey K. Smith - 2021 - Frontiers in Psychology 12.
    The aesthetic experience may be defined as people's interactions with, and reactions to, objects, places, but also to the environment. Most psychological perspectives on the aesthetic experience argue that it results from the coordination of different mental processes such as perception, attention, memory, imagination, thought, and emotion. Physiological and neurological responses are also involved. Aesthetic experiences can take place while we observe works of art in museums and galleries as well as in other contexts such as natural and built environments. (...)
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  42.  40
    Are individual differences in appetitive and defensive motivation related? A psychophysiological examination in two samples.Casey Sarapas, Andrea C. Katz, Brady D. Nelson, Miranda L. Campbell, Jeffrey R. Bishop, E. Jenna Robison-Andrew, Sarah E. Altman, Stephanie M. Gorka & Stewart A. Shankman - 2014 - Cognition and Emotion 28 (4):636-655.
  43. What did you learn outside of school today? Using structured interviews to document home and community activities related to science and technology.Connie A. Korpan, Gay L. Bisanz, Jeffrey Bisanz, Conrad Boehme & Mervyn A. Lynch - 1997 - Science Education 81 (6):651-662.
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  44.  39
    An Analysis of Glass Ceiling Perceptions in the Accounting Profession.Jeffrey R. Cohen, Derek W. Dalton, Lori L. Holder-Webb & Jeffrey J. McMillan - 2020 - Journal of Business Ethics 164 (1):17-38.
    Access to a deep pool of talent is essential to the success of every professional services firm. The supply of that talent is contingent upon the available rewards for the exercise of that talent, and both the existence of the potential rewards and the beliefs that individuals hold about the existence of the rewards affect the decision to remain in the field. One structural factor that may affect the judgment about whether to remain in a profession concerns promotions based on (...)
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  45.  31
    Within-subject partial reinforcement effects: Differential extinction following nondifferential percentage of reinforcement in acquisition.Dennis G. Dyck, Roger L. Mellgren & Jeffrey A. Seybert - 1973 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 97 (3):391.
  46.  8
    Neurobehavioral Consequences of Neurosurgical Treatments and Focal Lesions.Jean A. Saint-cyr, Yuri L. Bronstein & Jeffrey L. Cummings - 2002 - In Donald T. Stuss & Robert T. Knight (eds.), Principles of Frontal Lobe Function. Oxford University Press. pp. 408.
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  47. Cortical Activation during Action Observation, Action Execution, and Interpersonal Synchrony in Adults: A functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study.Anjana N. Bhat, Michael D. Hoffman, Susanna L. Trost, McKenzie L. Culotta, Jeffrey Eilbott, Daisuke Tsuzuki & Kevin A. Pelphrey - 2017 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 11.
  48.  49
    The Acid of History: La Peyrère, Hobbes, Spinoza, and the Separation of Faith and Reason in Modern Biblical Studies.Jeffrey L. Morrow - 2017 - Heythrop Journal 58 (1):169-180.
  49. Conscious and nonconscious discrimination of facial expressions.Catherine M. Herba, Maike Heining, Andrew W. Young, Michael Browning, Philip J. Benson, Mary L. Phillips & Jeffrey A. Gray - 2007 - Visual Cognition 15 (1):36-47.
  50.  21
    The Elephant in the Room: Do Evolutionary Accounts of Religion Entail the Falsity of Religious Belief?Dominic D. P. Johnson, Hillary L. Lenfesty & Jeffrey P. Schloss - 2014 - Philosophy, Theology and the Sciences 1 (2):200.
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